![]() Manufacturers such as Mitsubishi began to produce transmitters and receivers, and many thousands of Talking Signs were installed in cities such as San Francisco, Seattle, New York, and Washington DC. Through the 1980s and 1990s researchers including William Crandall, Roberta Klatzky, and James Marston demonstrated the effectiveness of Talking Signs for blind travelers. The recorded messages from the transmitters were converted into sound by the hand-held receivers, clear and strong when pointed directly at the transmitter, but becoming staticky and less distinct when pointed away. Infrared transmitters could be used indoors or out, providing an accessible accommodation for any kind of signage. Talking Signs, originally created by Smith-Kettlewell inventor William Loughborough in 1979 as Talking Lights, was a system of infrared transmitters and receivers allowing blind and visually impaired travelers to quickly and easily "read signs" at a distance. For 40 years Smith-Kettlewell and NIDILRR have been improving wayfinding for blind travelers. ![]()
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